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Is Trump wrong about tariffs?

Updated: Jan 3

In politics, tariffs often take center stage. Most recently, they gained attention due to the newly elected U.S. President Donald Trump. Trump is a strong advocate for tariffs, and one of his key campaign promises was imposing broad tariffs on imports. But this raises an important question: what are tariffs, how do they work, and do they cause more harm than good? 

Is Trump wrong about tariffs?

 

What Are Tariffs? 

Before delving into why tariffs are harmful, we must first understand what they are. Surprisingly, many people are unclear about this. A tariff is essentially a tax on imported or exported goods. 


Imagine a country that imports wheat. To protect its domestic farmers, it imposes a 30% tariff on all imported flour. If foreign flour costs 50 cents per kilogram and domestic flour costs 60 cents, local farmers struggle to compete. The government introduces the tariff, raising the price of imported flour to 65 cents per kilogram. As a result, domestic flour appears “cheaper.” 


Here lies the first misconception about tariffs: it’s not the foreign producer who pays the tariff but the end consumer. 


In the case of wheat, the consumer must pay 15 cents more for imported flour after the tariff is imposed. Even if they buy domestic flour, they often end up paying more because local producers tend to raise prices after tariffs are introduced. 

 

What Did Trump Say About Tariffs? 

In one of his speeches, Trump proposed introducing general tariffs of 10–20% on all imports, with additional tariffs of 60–100% on goods imported from China. 


Tariffs subsidize unproductive industries, divert resources from productive ones (through opportunity costs and comparative advantage), and hinder competition and innovation. 


British economist David Ricardo introduced the concept of comparative advantage, emphasizing that nations are more efficient at producing certain goods than others. For example, if a country can produce a specific good more efficiently than another, it holds an absolute advantage in producing that good. 


Suppose Country A can produce 10 units of a good using specific resources, while Country B can only produce 5 units. In this case, Country A has an absolute advantage in producing this good. However, if Country B can produce 10 units of wheat with the same resources while Country A produces only 5, Country B has an absolute advantage in wheat production. 

 

The Impact of Tariffs and Inefficient Resource Allocation 

When a country imposes tariffs, it artificially raises the prices of foreign goods, improving the competitiveness of domestic industries. Domestic production might increase, but consumers face higher costs. 


Protecting domestic industries comes with opportunity costs, as it forfeits the chance to allocate resources where they could be used more efficiently. Returning to the example: why should Country B allocate resources to produce goods it’s less efficient at producing than Country A, when it could focus on wheat production where it has a clear advantage? 

 

Slovenian Bananas 

What do I mean by tariffs artificially making domestic industries profitable? 

Imagine Slovenian politicians fear Brazil might ban banana exports to Slovenia. To ensure self-sufficiency, they impose a 5,000% tariff on imported bananas. Bananas that once cost €1.50 per kilogram now cost €75. Slovenian entrepreneurs seize the opportunity, building banana greenhouses where production costs €50 per kilogram. Slovenian bananas now appear “cheaper” than imported ones, and Slovenia becomes self-sufficient. 


But is this use of resources, labor, and money sensible? Wouldn’t these resources be better used elsewhere? 


Additionally, tariffs shield domestic industries from competition, reducing their need to innovate. Without competition, companies are less pressured to improve. 

 

Trade Deficits, Surpluses, and Balance – What Do They Mean? 

  • Trade Deficit: A country imports more than it exports. 

  • Trade Surplus: A country exports more than it imports. 

  • Trade Balance: Shows the ratio between a country's imports and exports. 


Donald Trump often highlights the “dangers” of the U.S. trade deficit, but trade deficits don’t necessarily indicate a nation’s economic strength or weakness. 

When a country exports more to the U.S., it receives U.S. dollars in return, which it can use in one of three ways: 


  1. Purchase U.S. goods and services – If these are expensive, they might refrain from buying. 

  2. Sell the dollars – This devalues the dollar, making U.S. products cheaper and more competitive. 

  3. Invest the dollars back in the U.S. – This strengthens the U.S. economy and drives growth. 


In the end, dollars inevitably find their way back to the U.S. 

 

Unilateral Free Trade 

What about unilateral free trade? Can one country allow imports without tariffs while its exports face barriers? 

At first glance, unilateral free trade seems to benefit only the exporting nation. But that’s not the case. 


By eliminating tariffs, even unilaterally, a country gives consumers access to a wider range of goods at lower prices, benefiting them while disadvantaging inefficient industries. Additionally, resources are allocated more efficiently, resulting in greater production with the same amount of resources. 

Unilateral free trade isn’t a weakness; it’s beneficial. It boosts productivity, increases consumers’ purchasing power, and generates benefits regardless of other nations' actions. 

 

Free to choose 

My biggest issue with tariffs is that they restrict individual freedom. It should be up to each individual to decide where to spend their money, even if that means choosing foreign over domestic products. Domestic businesses don’t have more of a right to someone’s money than foreign ones. Money on the market isn’t given but earned through better products and/or lower prices. Why should individuals have to buy inferior and/or more expensive products if they can purchase better foreign ones at lower prices? 


The freedom to buy the products you want is a form of direct democracy. Every day, billions of consumers decide which companies succeed and which don’t. If a business can’t stay competitive without government aid, it doesn’t deserve consumers’ money. 

 

Tariffs for Protection of industries important for national security

Adam Smith, the father of capitalism, didn’t support tariffs either, except in one case: protecting national industries crucial for security. 


For a large country like the U.S., it may make sense to impose tariffs on industries critical to national defense. However, even this reduces innovation and raises costs. It also empowers the military-industrial complex. 


Of course, a nation without arms cannot defend itself, and tariffs might be a necessary, albeit suboptimal, solution. That said, globalization has generally made countries more interdependent, reducing the likelihood of major global conflicts. For instance, China and the U.S. are too economically intertwined to afford a large-scale conflict, and no clear reason exists for one. 


No country in the world can produce everything it consumes, so there’s always a risk of supply disruptions. 

 

Tariffs as a Replacement for Income Tax? 

Trump proposed replacing income tax with tariffs. Is this feasible? 

The U.S. currently collects $2.49 trillion annually through income tax, representing 49% of federal revenues, which total about $5 trillion yearly. Last year, the U.S. spent $6.75 trillion, leaving a deficit of $1.75 trillion. 


USA spending

USA Federal income

Suppose Trump abolishes income tax and introduces general tariffs of 10–20% on all imports, with additional tariffs of 60–100% on goods from China. The U.S. imports $3 trillion worth of goods annually. This plan would generate $550 billion to $1 trillion annually – significantly less than current revenues. 


USA imports/exports

USA imports by country

Don’t get me wrong; I support lower taxes, but only if government spending decreases accordingly. 

The biggest issue with this idea isn’t the revenue shortfall but how tariffs affect the population compared to income tax. 


Income tax is progressive: the more you earn, the more you pay, both in absolute and percentage terms. For example, someone earning $10 might pay $1 in taxes (10%), while someone earning $100 pays $25 (25%). 

If income tax is replaced by tariffs, progressivity is removed, and everyone is taxed equally. The problem is that low-income earners would pay more than they do now, while the wealthiest would pay significantly less, relatively speaking. 


This contradicts Trump’s promises to ordinary Americans. Tariffs would only raise prices and make life harder for average citizens. 

A better proposal would be to reduce income taxes. For example, abolishing income tax for the bottom 50% of earners – who already contribute just 2.3% of total income tax revenues – could be a reasonable start. Income tax for high earners could be lowered later, once the budget is balanced. 

Income taxes paid by income bracket

 

Alternatives to Tariffs? 

Instead of imposing tariffs and protecting inefficient industries, the U.S. should focus on deregulation and reducing unnecessary bureaucracy. Only through such measures can American businesses achieve greater efficiency. 

 

Conclusion 

Tariffs don’t protect or benefit anyone – or rather, they do protect one thing: consumers from low prices. 


Tariffs protect the interests of a small group of inefficient industries at the expense of a larger group of consumers, who are forced to pay higher prices instead of enjoying cheaper goods. 


It’s every individual’s right to decide where to spend their money. If consumers prefer cheaper and better foreign products, so be it. Domestic companies must compete in the free market. If they can’t, no one is forcing them to stay in business. 

 
 
 

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© 2023 by Oskar Volcansek

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